Basic Principles on the Role of Human Rights Lawyers

Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers

Adopted by the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, Cuba, 27 August to 7 September 1990

Whereas in the Charter of the United Nations the peoples of the world affirm, inter alia, their determination to establish conditions under which justice can be maintained, and proclaim as one of their purposes the achievement of international cooperation in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion,

Whereas the Universal Declaration of Human Rights enshrines the principles of equality before the law, the presumption of innocence, the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, and all the guarantees necessary for the defence of everyone charged with a penal offence,

Whereas the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights proclaims, in addition, the right to be tried without undue delay and the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law,

Whereas the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recalls the obligation of States under the Charter to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and freedoms,

Whereas the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment provides that a detained person shall be entitled to have the assistance of, and to communicate and consult with, legal counsel,

Whereas the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners recommend, in particular, that legal assistance and confidential communication with counsel should be ensured to untried prisoners,

Whereas the Safe guards guaranteeing protection of those facing the death penalty reaffirm the right of everyone suspected or charged with a crime for which capital punishment may be imposed to adequate legal assistance at all stages of the proceedings, in accordance with article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,

Whereas the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power recommends measures to be taken at the international and national levels to improve access to justice and fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance for victims of crime,

Whereas adequate protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms to which all persons are entitled, be they economic, social and cultural, or civil and political, requires that all persons have effective access to legal services provided by an independent legal profession,

Whereas professional associations of lawyers have a vital role to play in upholding professional standards and ethics, protecting their members from persecution and improper restrictions and infringements, providing legal services to all in need of them, and cooperating with governmental and other institutions in furthering the ends of justice and public interest, The Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, set forth below, which have been formulated to assist Member States in their task of promoting and ensuring the proper role of lawyers, should be respected and taken into account by Governments within the framework of their national legislation and practice and should be brought to the attention of lawyers as well as other persons, such as judges, prosecutors, members of the executive and the legislature, and the public in general. These principles shall also apply, as appropriate, to persons who exercise the functions of lawyers without having the formal status of lawyers.

Access to lawyers and legal services

1. All persons are entitled to call upon the assistance of a lawyer of their choice to protect and establish their rights and to defend them in all stages of criminal proceedings.

2. Governments shall ensure that efficient procedures and responsive mechanisms for effective and equal access to lawyers are provided for all persons within their territory and subject to their jurisdiction, without distinction of any kind, such as discrimination based on race, colour, ethnic origin, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, economic or other status.

3. Governments shall ensure the provision of sufficient funding and other resources for legal services to the poor and, as necessary, to other disadvantaged persons. Professional associations of lawyers shall cooperate in the organization and provision of services, facilities and other resources.

4. Governments and professional associations of lawyers shall promote programmes to inform the public about their rights and duties under the law and the important role of lawyers in protecting their fundamental freedoms. Special attention should be given to assisting the poor and other disadvantaged persons so as to enable them to assert their rights and where necessary call upon the assistance of lawyers.

Special safeguards in criminal justice matters

5. Governments shall ensure that all persons are immediately informed by the competent authority of their right to be assisted by a lawyer of their own choice upon arrest or detention or when charged with a criminal offence.

6. Any such persons who do not have a lawyer shall, in all cases in which the interests of justice so require, be entitled to have a lawyer of experience and competence commensurate with the nature of the offence assigned to them in order to provide effective legal assistance, without payment by them if they lack sufficient means to pay for such services.

7. Governments shall further ensure that all persons arrested or detained, with or without criminal charge, shall have prompt access to a lawyer, and in any case not later than forty-eight hours from the time of arrest or detention.

8. All arrested, detained or imprisoned persons shall be provided with adequate opportunities, time and facilities to be visited by and to communicate and consult with a lawyer, without delay, interception or censorship and in full confidentiality. Such consultations may be within sight, but not within the hearing, of law enforcement officials.

Qualifications and training

9. Governments, professional associations of lawyers and educational institutions shall ensure that lawyers have appropriate education and training and be made aware of the ideals and ethical duties of the lawyer and of human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law.

10. Governments, professional associations of lawyers and educational institutions shall ensure that there is no discrimination against a person with respect to entry into or continued practice within the legal profession on the grounds of race, colour, sex, ethnic origin, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, economic or other status, except that a requirement, that a lawyer must be a national of the country concerned, shall not be considered discriminatory.

11. In countries where there exist groups, communities or regions whose needs for legal services are not met, particularly where such groups have distinct cultures, traditions or languages or have been the victims of past discrimination, Governments, professional associations of lawyers and educational institutions should take special measures to provide opportunities for candidates from these groups to enter the legal profession and should ensure that they receive training appropriate to the needs of their groups.

Duties and responsibilities

12. Lawyers shall at all times maintain the honour and dignity of their profession as essential agents of the administration of justice.

13. The duties of lawyers towards their clients shall include:

(a) Advising clients as to their legal rights and obligations, and as to the working of the legal system in so far as it is relevant to the legal rights and obligations of the clients;

(b) Assisting clients in every appropriate way, and taking legal action to protect their interests;

(c) Assisting clients before courts, tribunals or administrative authorities, where appropriate.

14. Lawyers, in protecting the rights of their clients and in promoting the cause of justice, shall seek to uphold human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized by national and international law and shall at all times act freely and diligently in accordance with the law and recognized standards and ethics of the legal profession.

15. Lawyers shall always loyally respect the interests of their clients.

Guarantees for the functioning of lawyers

16. Governments shall ensure that lawyers (a) are able to perform all of their professional functions without intimidation, hindrance, harassment or improper interference; (b) are able to travel and to consult with their clients freely both within their own country and abroad; and (c) shall not suffer, or be threatened with, prosecution or administrative, economic or other sanctions for any action taken in accordance with recognized professional duties, standards and ethics.

17. Where the security of lawyers is threatened as a result of discharging their functions, they shall be adequately safeguarded by the authorities.

18. Lawyers shall not be identified with their clients or their clients' causes as a result of discharging their functions.

19. No court or administrative authority before whom the right to counsel is recognized shall refuse to recognize the right of a lawyer to appear before it for his or her client unless that lawyer has been disqualified in accordance with national law and practice and in conformity with these principles.

20. Lawyers shall enjoy civil and penal immunity for relevant statements made in good faith in written or oral pleadings or in their professional appearances before a court, tribunal or other legal or administrative authority.

21. It is the duty of the competent authorities to ensure lawyers access to appropriate information, files and documents in their possession or control in sufficient time to enable lawyers to provide effective legal assistance to their clients. Such access should be provided at the earliest appropriate time.

22. Governments shall recognize and respect that all communications and consultations between lawyers and their clients within their professional relationship are confidential.

Freedom of expression and association

23. Lawyers like other citizens are entitled to freedom of expression, belief, association and assembly. In particular, they shall have the right to take part in public discussion of matters concerning the law, the administration of justice and the promotion and protection of human rights and to join or form local, national or international organizations and attend their meetings, without suffering professional restrictions by reason of their lawful action or their membership in a lawful organization. In exercising these rights, lawyers shall always conduct themselves in accordance with the law and the recognized standards and ethics of the legal profession.

Professional associations of lawyers

24. Lawyers shall be entitled to form and join self-governing professional associations to represent their interests, promote their continuing education and training and protect their professional integrity. The executive body of the professional associations shall be elected by its members and shall exercise its functions without external interference.

25. Professional associations of lawyers shall cooperate with Governments to ensure that everyone has effective and equal access to legal services and that lawyers are able, without improper interference, to counsel and assist their clients in accordance with the law and recognized professional standards and ethics.

Disciplinary proceedings

26. Codes of professional conduct for lawyers shall be established by the legal profession through its appropriate organs, or by legislation, in accordance with national law and custom and recognized international standards and norms.

27. Charges or complaints made against lawyers in their professional capacity shall be processed expeditiously and fairly under appropriate procedures. Lawyers shall have the right to a fair hearing, including the right to be assisted by a lawyer of their choice.

28. Disciplinary proceedings against lawyers shall be brought before an impartial disciplinary committee established by the legal profession, before an independent statutory authority, or before a court, and shall be subject to an independent judicial review.

29. All disciplinary proceedings shall be determined in accordance with the code of professional conduct and other recognized standards and ethics of the legal profession and in the light of these principles.

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Menjalankan Hak Kebebasan Berekspresi mendapatkan Tuduhan Pencemaran Nama Baik

Hari Selasa, 9 Desember 2008, saya diundang oleh Mahasiswa Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Univesitas Indonesia untuk mendiskusikan masalah hukum yang sedang menimpa beberapa orang mahasiswa di Kampus tersebut. Permasalahan tersebut terkait dengan Pendapat salah seorang mahasiswi terhadap mutu dan pelayanan sebuah rumah sakit swasta di daerah Margonda Depok yang membuat pihak rumah sakit kecewa atas pendapat mahasiswi tersebut.

Awalnya diskusi hendak dilaksanakan di kampus, tetapi dengan alasan waktu akhirnya diadakan di Starbuck Margo City Depok. Diskusi dimulai pukul 18.00 dan diakhiri pukul 20.30 dengan dihadiri sekitar 15 orang mahasiswi FKM UI. Berikut adalah posisi kasus terhadap masalah yang mereka hadapi:

”Pada awalnya adalah adanya salah seorang mahasiswi (sebut saja inisialnya R) yang mendampingi temannya pergi ke sebuah rumah sakit swasta di margonda (sebut saja B). Singkat cerita, pasca kunjungannya ke rumah sakit ini R menuliskan opininya mengenai mutu dan pelayanan rumah sakit B tersebut di kolom opini dari sebuah surat kabar nasional yang cukup punya nama juga. Di dalam opini tersebut dia menceritakan bahwa pada saat R datang membawa temannya ke bagian Unit Gawat Darurat, dia mendapati pelayanan yang tidak sesuai standar manajemen rumah sakit (R mengetahui hal ini karena merupakan mahasiswa yang mengambil jurusan manajemen rumah sakit). Ketidakstandaran tersebut terlihat dari ruang UGD yang terletak di-basement, bercampur dengan tempat parkir mobil, udaranya yang pengap, dan sesampainya disanapun teman R yang sakit pun tidak dilayani dengan segera melainkan disuruh menunggu terlebih dahulu.”

Akibat dari pemuatan opini ini disurat kabar, mahasiswi R dengan ditemani dengan 2 orang temannya diundang pihak manajemen rumah sakit B untuk mendiskusikan masalah opini ini. Awalnya dijanjikan hanya bertemu pimpinan RS saja, namun pada kenyataannya ketiga orang mahasiswi dikelilingi puluhan orang dari pihak rumah sakit, yang terdiri dari Dokter-dokter senior, administrasi, perawat, pimpinan rumah sakit. Menurut pengakuan para mahasiswi di dalam pertemuan ini mereka mendapat beberapa intimidasi yang menurut mereka tidak wajar. Mereka diancam akan dilaporkan kepada pihak Kepolisian atas tuduhan PENCEMARAN NAMA BAIK. Atas dasar ancaman itulah mereka bermaksud mendiskusikan masalah ini dengan saya.

Analisis Hukum Singkat terhadap masalah ini:

Permasalahan yang sedang menimpa para mahasiswi hampir mirip dengan salah seorang penghuni perumahan Rumah susun yang kecewa terhadap manajemennya dan dimuat di sebuah surat kabar. Orang ini juga dituduh pencemaran nama baik dan oleh pihak Polisi diproses hukum dan dijadikan tersangka namun kasus ini tidak pernah sampai ke pemeriksaan pengadilan. ANEH!!!. Ada 4 dimensi hukum yang coba dikaitkan dengan masalah ini, yakni 1) masalah hak asasi manusia yang diatur dalam UU Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang HAM; 2) masalah Pers yang diatur dalam UU Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers; 3) masalah perlindungan konsumen yang diatur dalam UU Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen; dan 4) Pasal 310 KUHP tentang Pencemaran Nama Baik.

A. UU Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang HAM

Kritik dari mahasiswi R terhadap mutu dan pelayanan rumah sakit R adalah bagian dari haknya sebagai warga negara untuk berpendapat dan berekspresi. Pasal 4 menyebutkan hak ini sebagai hak yang tidak dapat dikurangi (non-derogable rights), yang lebih jelasnya disebutkan sebagai berikut: ”Hak untuk hidup, hak untuk tidak disiksa, hak kebebasan pribadi, pikiran dan hati nurani, hak bebasan beragama, hak untuk tidak diperbudak, hak untuk diakui sebagai pribadi dan persamaan di hadapan hukum, dan hak untuk tidak dituntut atas dasar hukum yang berlaku surut adalah hak asasi manusia yang tidak dapat dikurangi dalam keadaan apapun dan oleh siapapun”.

B. UU Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers

Karena pendapat mahasiswi R tersebut dimuat dalam media Pers tentu hal ini menjadi terkait dengan UU Pers. Pasal 2 menyebutkan bahwa Kemerdekaan pers adalah salah satu wujud kedaulatan rakyat yang berasaskan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi, keadilan, dan supremasi hukum. Salah satu Peran Pers Nasional adalah melakukan pengawasan, kritik, koreksi, dan saran terhadap hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan umum (Pasal 6 huruf d). Setiap orang atau sekelompok orang yang merasa keberatan dengan dengan pemberitaan Pers dapat menggunakan hak jawabnya. Hak jawab adalah hak seseorang atau sekelompok orang untuk memberikan tanggapan atau sanggahan terhadap pemberitaan berupa fakta yang merugikan nama baiknya (Pasal 1 angka 11). Dalam kasus delik Pers yang dihubungkan dengan dugaan pencemaran nama baik, maka pada umumnya UU Pers bersifat Lex Specialis dari KUHP. Ada beberapa putusan pengadilan yang setuju dengan doktrin ini dan juga beberapa hukum pidana, diantaranya adalah DR Rudi Satriyo (FHUI). Walaupun demikian, ketentuan ini belumlah menjadi suatu yurisprudensi dan dapat dijadikan patokan dalam memutus jenis perkara ini karena alasan sistem hukum Indonesia dan pemikiran hakim yang memeriksa.

C. UU Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen

Posisi R dan temannya dalam permasalahannya adalah sebagai konsumen yang memakai jasa pelayanan rumah sakit B. Selaku konsumen, R, berhak untuk didengar pendapat dan keluhannya atas jasa yang digunakan (Pasal 4 huruf d). Dan selaku Pelaku Usaha, rumah sakit B, berkewajiban untuk menjamin mutu jasa yang diperdagangkan berdasarkan ketentuan standar mutu jasa yang berlaku (Pasal 7 huruf d).

D. Pasal 310 KUHP

- ayat (1) menyebutkan bahwa: ”Barang siapa sengaja merusak kehormatan atau nama baik seseorang dengan jalan menuduh dia melakukan sesuatu perbuatan dengan maksud yang nyata akan tersiarnya tuduhan itu, dihukum karena menista, dengan hukuman penjara selama-lamanya sembilan bulan atau denda sebanyak-banyaknya Rp 4.500,-”;

- ayat (2) menyebutkan bahwa: ”Kalau hal ini dilakukan dengan tulisan atau gambar yang disiarkan, dipertunjukkan pada umum atau ditempelkan, maka yang berbuat itu dihukum karena menista dengan tulisan dengan hukuman penjara selama-lamanya satu tahun empat bulan atau denda sebanyak-banyaknya Rp 4.500,-”

- ayat (3) menyebutkan bahwa: ”Tidak termasuk menista atau menista dengan tulisan, jika ternyata bahwa si pembuat melakukan hal itu untuk kepentingan umum atau lantaran terpaksa perlu untuk mempertahankan dirinya sendiri”.

E. Fakta Hukum

Dari alat bukti yang ada berupa guntingan koran opini mahasiswi R dikoran tersebut ditambah dengan kesaksian yang ada, maka saya tidak setuju jika permasalahan ini dibawa ke ranah pidana. Alasannya adalah:

• dalam pemuatan opini tersebut, mahasiswi secara jelas tidak menggambarkan secara jelas nama rumah sakit tersebut, hanya inisialnya aja berikut dengan petugas-petugas rumah sakit tersebut juga hanya disebutkan inisialnya saja;
• apa yang digambarkan dalam opini tersebut lebih kepada kekecewaan mahasiswi R selaku konsumen yang tidak mendapatkan pelayanan yang baik dari pihak rumah sakit selaku pelaku usaha;
• Niat baik untuk mencemarkan baik rumah sakit B tidak ada. Sebab jika mahasiswi R berniat maka ia tidak akan mencantumkan nama dan alamat lengkapnya di kolom opini tersebut;
• Apa yang dilakukan mahasiswi R adalah lebih kepada haknya selaku warga negara dan juga konsumen untuk melakukan atau memperjuangkan sesuatu yang memang telah menjadi haknya tanpa bermaksud melanggar hak pihak lain juga dan juga untuk menjadi perhatian serta kepentingan umum;
• Dikarenakan pemuatan opini tersebut menggunakan media pers, maka seharusnya jika pihak rumah sakit tidak puas akan pemberitaan tersebut, yang seharusnya dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan hak jawab terkait opini tersebut.

Demikian resume pendapat saya. terima kasih.

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